Assessment for Learning Essay Example for Free

Assessment for Learning Essay â€Å"Assessment for learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there†. Assessment Reform Group, 2002 The teacher has ultimate responsibility for setting schemes of work for the class with clear objectives (Formative assessment) and writing end of term and end of year reports drawing together the information gained through assessment for learning. (Summative Assessment) The learning objectives are delivered to the class by the teacher and it is the TA’s responsibility to be aware of: †¢ the learning objectives, †¢ the personalised learning goals for individual learners. †¢ the success criteria for the learning activities †¢ the assessment opportunities and strategies relevant to their own role in the learning activities While taking the children through the scheme of work the TA will support the children by discussing their individual objectives this can also be done with groups of children who are working at the same level with the same learning outcomes. This is done to check that the children understand what is expected of them. This needs to be reviewed throughout the lesson. It is the TA’s job to pace the session to the learning style and ability of the children. At the end of the session the TA needs to give positive, factual feedback to the children and the teacher. This will include your observations on how the pupils responded and the strategies that were useful. The discussion between the teacher and the TA will enable further objectives to be set for the next lesson. Both the teacher and the TA are fully involved in the assessment of learner’ achievement with the TA fully supporting the teacher. 1. 2 Summarise the difference between formative and summative assessment. In 2004, at a conference of Assessors, Professor Paul Black pointed out â€Å"An assessment activity can help learning if it provides information to be used as feedback, by teachers, and by their students, in assessing themselves and each other, to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged. â€Å" Formative and Summative Assessment are the two main forms of assessment used by the teaching profession. Formative assessment (Assessment for Learning) is the type of assessment that takes place day to day during lesson time. It is the reviewing of progress and understanding of the pupil, against the learning objectives set by the teacher. This can be done in a variety of ways such as observation, open questioning of pupils, checking understanding and allowing the children to be involved in the reviewing process during and at the end of a lesson. It allows learners to self-assess and self-evaluate their learning experience hopefully enabling them to become responsible learners who understand what they have to improve to allow them to meet their goals. Formative Assessment: †¢ occurs during the learning †¢ done with learners †¢ processed focused †¢ to improve learning †¢ is personally referenced Summative Assessment (Assessment of Learning) is the pulling together of the learning outcomes of tests at the end of a scheme of work, formative assessment and professional judgements to provide an end of term report showing what the pupils have achieved, it could also take the form of a Key stage SATs. It is outcome focused, occurs after the learning has been taught and is a way of measuring and proving learning. Summative Assessment: †¢ occurs after the learning †¢ done to learners †¢ outcome focused †¢ to prove learning. †¢ externally referneced While the two forms of assessment are entirely different the resulting information from both types can be used to help with setting learning objectives. The two types of assessment are not necessarily to be used separately they should complement each other, as the use of Afl can help pupils perform better on summative assessment tasks and summative assessment can reflect the impact of Afl. 1. 3 Explain the characteristics of Assessment For Learning. Assessment for learning encourages the learner to take responsibility for their own learning and achievements. This is done by providing them with the following information: Learning intentions A learning intention is simply a description of what you want your pupils to know, understand or be able to do by the end of a lesson. It tells pupils what the focus for learning is going to be. They can also be call â€Å"Learning Objectives†, â€Å"Learning Goals† or† Learning Aims† Making sure that he pupils are aware of their learning intentions before the lesson begins in language that the pupils will identify with, focuses their attention to the learning and how to achieve their intention rather than the activity they are undertaking. This can help keep the pupil focused on task for longer by increasing their motivation. The pupils should be reminded of the learning intentions throughout the lesson. Success Criteria This shows the learners what they need to achieve to meet the ‘Learning Intentions’ Success Criteria: †¢ are linked to the learning intention; †¢ are specific to an activity; †¢ are discussed and agreed with pupils prior to undertaking the activity; †¢ provide a scaffold and focus for pupils while engaged in the activity; and †¢ are used as the basis for feedback and peer-/self-assessment. Formative feedback About the quality of their work and what they can do to make it better; Giving pupils’ feedback and allowing them to feedback to the teacher how they feel their learning went. . Ambergate school regularly asked the children how they think they have done by giving a â€Å"thumbs up†, â€Å"thumbs down† or â€Å"thumbs sideways† to indicate how the children feel about what they have been taught. Sometimes the children will be asked what they know of the subject about to be taught and to mark themselves out of ten in their books. At the end of the lesson they then give themselves another mark out of ten and compare how they have fared. Effective Questioning To create a classroom climate where pupils come up with their own ideas, think aloud and explore their understanding. Questioning should take the form of open-ended questions to encourage the children putting their own ideas forward without being led by an adult. The adult can then ask the children’s peers what they think of another child’s idea to generate feedback. Generally in the lessons in Ambergate school the children are reminded when working to ask, who, what, when, why and how to ensure they get sufficient feedback to enable them with the tasks set. Peer and Self-Assessment and Evaluation. Peer and Self-Assessment enables learners to recognise success in their own and others’ work and to focus on how they are learning as well as what they are learning. Ambergate school regularly asked the children how they think they have done by giving a â€Å"thumbs up†, â€Å"thumbs down† or â€Å"thumbs sideways† to indicate how the children feel about what they have been taught. Sometimes the children will be asked what they know of the subject about to be taught and to mark themselves out of ten in their books. At the end of the lesson they then give themselves another mark out of ten and compare how they have fared. To summarise Assessment for learning meets individuals needs and maximises their full potential through continual monitoring. All staff are allowed to contribute to future planning by feeding their findings back to the teacher. 1. 4 Explain the importance and benefit of assessment for learning. Continuous assessment improves performance and behaviour, allows pupils to work more independently and it also improves motivation and risk taking. By increasing two way communications Assessment for Learning helps to strengthen the teacher pupil relations. From the teachers point of view AFl improves planning and delivery of the lessons while creating an opportunity to check the quality of the lessons and amend activities to ensure they meet the learning needs. For the child it tells them where they are with their learning in each subject, gives them ideas on how to further achieve to ultimately get success in the given goal. Assessment approaches need to promote learner engagement and ensure appropriate support so that all learners can achieve their aspirational goals and maximise their potential. It has been proven that children who do not feel part of the learner process quickly lose interest. Therefore, responses should be based on thoughtful questions, careful listening and reflective responses and effective feedback strategies. 1. 5 Explain how assessment can contribute to planning for future learning carried out by †¢ The Teacher Assessment for Learning helps the teacher to make well-founded judgements about pupil’s attainment while placing responsibility for managing learning on the child, with the goal of pupils being more actively involved with the learning process. As indicated above, the process involves explaining learning outcomes to pupils, providing them with feedback on their progress and enabling them to develop their self-assessment skills so that they are able to reflect on, and recognise, their own achievements. Knowing precisely what the pupil understands then moving them on leads to effective learning. †¢ The Learners The process will keep the pupil informed of on-going process, giving them an insight into how they learn and which areas they need to improve to achieve the objectives set. This helps to increase their confidence, motivation and independence and also how to recognise when they need to ask for help. †¢ The Learning Support Practitioner. Assessment for learning will provide you with information of how each child learns and the knowledge they already have, which will help in how you further question the pupil. This can be tailored to suit the individual pupils pace and ability to learn. In a recent Maths lesson on Division techniques, on periodically checking the children’s understanding it became clear that they knew how to divide using the Chunking Method but the answers that some of the children were getting were incorrect. This caused the TA to check their work and come to the conclusion that the children’s knowledge in subtraction of 3 figure numbers was letting them down. On feeding back to the teacher she said she had noticed the same problem with the group of children that she was supporting. With this feedback, the TA and the Teacher implemented a refresher lesson on subtraction in the next Maths lesson to fill the gap in the children’s knowledge and allow the children to move forward with their knowledge and ultimate success with Division Techniques. Bibliography www. education. gov. uk Assessment for Learning for KS1 and KS2 Northern Ireland Supporting Teaching and Learning L3 – Louise Burnham.

Admissions Essay: We Must Fight to Preserve Our Community

Admissions Essay: We Must Fight to Preserve Our Community When I was a little girl, I remember being asked what I wanted to be when I got older. Back then growing up seemed like centuries away, but the years have flown by like minutes. Now I am a month away from being a legal adult and on the brink of discovery. Opportunities are around every corner. This year I have asked myself what I want to have as my profession. The answer came without delay; I want to be a pediatrician. I have always loved people, especially children and the elderly, and I love going out in the community and getting my hands dirty. The area where I was born and raised, is in dire straights as far as the medical field goes. Good health care is hard to come by, and physicians have strayed from the values of kin...

Memoirs of a Geisha

I. Title: Memoirs of a Geisha (1997) II. Author: Arthur Golden (1957- ) III. Setting: a. Where: Gion, Kyoto, Japan b. When: Early 1900’s (1930’s, World War II) IV. Character and Characterization: c. Principal Characters i. Sayuri Nitta (Chiyo Sakamoto) Sayuri is the main character of the book. As a child, she always thought well of others. She has determination and does not give up easily. Her gray eyes are what make her stand out the most. ii. Mameha Mameha was a well-known geisha in Gion. She was Sayuri’s older sister (not by blood) and mentor. She taught Sayuri what she needed to do for her to become a successful geisha.She is very determined and would do anything to achieve her goal. iii. Hatsumomo Hatsumomo was a geisha of the Nitta Okiya, the same okiya that Sayuri came from. She boasts of herself and thinks that no one is better than her. She despised Sayuri and saw her as competition, which led to her numerous attempts to destroy Sayuri’s life. iv. Chairman The Chairman was the reason why Sayuri had a purpose to live, which was the result of his act of kindness to Sayuri when she was a child. He is a person who thinks of other’s feelings. As a geisha, Sayuri wanted nothing more than for the Chairman to take notice of her. . Nobu Nobu was the Chairman’s right-hand man, the Chairman owed him a lot. He is patient and kind. Nobu’s appearance is peculiar because of his skin which was damaged by a bomb. He fancies Sayuri and waited most of his life to become Sayuri’s danna. d. Secondary Characters i. Pumpkin Pumpkin was Sayuri’s friend when they were young. Their friendship was destroyed by Hatsumomo, who was Pumpkin’s older sister. She was sweet and very helpful at first, but was influenced by Hatsumomo. Pumpkin also became a geisha from the Nitta Okiya, but she was not as famous as Sayuri. ii. AuntieAuntie was the first person to show kindness to Sayuri when she arrived at the Nitta Okiya . She wanted Sayuri to become successful and to not end up like her. When Sayuri became a geisha, she continuously helped her through what she needed to do. iii. Mr. Tanaka Sayuri, as a child, idolized Mr. Tanaka and thought that no other man is higher than him. Mr. Tanaka was the person who offered Sayuri’s father to sell Sayuri and her sister Setsu. He was the reason why Sayuri ended up in Gion. iv. Mother Mother was the sister of Auntie and the owner of the Nitta Okiya. She was very fond of money and would do anything to become richer.She later adopted Sayuri as her daughter and as the successor of the Nitta Okiya. v. Dr. Crab Dr. Crab was one of the men who were attracted to Sayuri when she became a geisha. Dr. Crab is a kind of person who would let nothing to stand in his way. He is known for spending a lot of money in the pursuit of mizuage. V. Subject Matter: a historical fiction about the life of a geisha in Japan before World War II VI. Thesis/Main Idea: The story re volves around a girl whose life was transformed from rags to riches when her father sold her until she became a well-known geisha in Kyoto.VII. The Part I Like The Best. Why? I was thrilled the most when I was reading the part where the Chairman met Sayuri in the Ichiriki Teahouse after the incident with the Minister on the island of Amami. I was so consumed by the book since I badly wanted to know what the Chairman would say to Sayuri. Shock and disbelief came over me when the Chairman admitted that he knew Sayuri was the child he saw crying near the Shirakawa Stream. VIII. The Part I Like The Least. Why? I did not like the part where the war was going on and Gion closed down.I felt as if the part was not that significant to the main topic of the story and that the story would just have the same effect to the readers without it. As a reader, I thought that this was the dullest part of the story. IX. Vocabulary Improvement: 1. Geisha-(n. ) a Japanese women educated to accompany men as a hostess, performing different skills such as dancing and playing instruments * Most Americans confuse geishas as prostitutes because of the pretend geishas who called themselves geisha girls and sold their bodies to American soldiers in Japan during the World War II. . Okiya-(n. ) the lodging house in which a geisha lives until she has paid all her debts from the okiya for sending her to school * Mameha was a geisha who was allowed to live in her own house since she was able to pay off all her debts from the okiya she was from. 3. Danna-(n. ) a geisha’s patron, a wealthy man who supports the geisha’s needs in exchange for spending time with him privately * Nobu spent almost his entire life waiting to become Sayuri’s danna which unforntunately never happened. 4. Shamisen-(n. a three-string musical instrument that is played using a plectrum * Many geishas, if not all, were taught how to play the Japanese instrument called shamisen, which they used in performa nces. 5. Mizuage-(n. ) the coming of age ceremony of an apprentice geisha, usually associated with the geisha’s loss of virginity; a large sum of money is to be paid to the geisha in return for her mizuage * According to Mineko Iwasaki, the geisha Arthur Golden interviewed for his book, a geisha’s mizuage was never won by means of bidding.X. Brief Summary: Chiyo Sakamoto, a girl from a little fishing village called Yoroido, was 9 years old when her father sold her and her sister Satsu to a man named Mr. Tanaka. They were brought to Kyoto where Chiyo and her sister were separated; Chiyo stayed in Gion in the Nitta Okiya as a maid, whereas her sister was brought to Miyagawa-cho where she worked as a prostitute. Chiyo started going to school to become a geisha, but when she learned about her sister’s location, she went to look for her.When they met, they decided that they would runaway a few days after, Chiyo tried to runaway but failed, which caused her her school ing priviledges. As Chiyo continued to live as a maid, knowing that she won’t see her sister again, she felt as if she has no purpose in life; then he met the Chairman who treated her kindly, which gave her hope for a better future. After this incident, she wanted to become a geisha hoping that she would please the Chairman someday.Mameha, a well-known geisha in the Gion district, became her mentor and trained her to become a successful geisha; she then changed her name to Sayuri Nitta, of the Nitta Okiya. Though she had numerous admirers, she wanted no one but the Chairman to take notice of her; she strived hard to for this and in the end, she eventually learned that the Chairman acknowledged her way back then from the very first time they met. Memoirs of a Geisha â€Å"Memoirs of a Geisha† is a book written by Arthur Golden. The plot takes place in Japan and tells us the story of a young girl; a fisherman’s daughter and her journey through life to become a famous Geisha, a Japanese female entertainer. The book describes the struggles of a young girl, Chiyo, who is abandoned; sold by her father. The story is told in flashback format with reference to the protagonist's present and past. The focal point of the story is constantly on the internal narrator, Chiyo, who later changes her name to Sayuri when she becomes a geisha. Sayuri, who is our protagonist, is eight years old and lives in the small fishing village of Yorido at the beginning of the story. She lived happily with her family until one day her mother becomes sick. Her father who is a fisherman can't afford the medical treatment of her mother. Seeing no other way out, he sells Sayuri and her clumsy older sister Satsu to Mr. Tanaka; the owner of the seafood company which all the villagers work for. Mr. Tanaka brings the girls to the cultural city of Gion. Satsu who is the less beautiful of the two is sold to a brothel while Sayuri is sold to the Nitta Okiya, a geisha house. At the Nitta Okiya she meets a number of different people. There is the owner of the Okiya who is referred to as â€Å"Mother†, a bull-dog looking woman, whose main concern is money as described by Sayuri. The main â€Å"Villain† of the story is Hatsumomo , a famous and successful geisha who lives in the same Okiya as Sayuri. Hatsumomo is the main resource of the Nitta Okiya since all the money she earns goes to support it. From the day Sayuri arrives at the Okiya, Hatsumomo dislikes her, she tries to make Sayuri's life as hard as possible. At first it is hard to understand why she has that kind of behaviour towards Sayuri but as the story continues we understand that it is all about jealousy. Hatsumomo can't stand that Sayuri is beautiful and sees that in a few years she might become a successful geisha unless she gets rid of her. Hatsumomo clearly states that she hates Sayuri and doesn't want her in the Okiya: â€Å"I shall destroy you† (pg. 78)1 Sayuri comes to the Okiya with a debt which she has to pay off. The debt just keeps getting bigger because she has to take geisha ‘lessons. Sayuri is taken out from geisha practice,e after several accidents, and made a slave at the Okiya. She has no hopes for her future when Mameha, a character who becomes very important to the story, comes to convince Mother to let Sayuri continue her geisha practice. She helps Sayuri throughout her career by introducing her to many famous and rich people who can invite her to their parties and by taking her to all important places where the big parties are held. Mameha gives her personal lessons and gives her all help she can and if it weren't for Mameha, Sayuri would never have become a geisha. Throughout the story we see how Sayuri's character changes drastically, from a simple and a naive country girl to a slave with no future to a graceful famous geisha and when the story turns again, a seamstress trying to survive the second World War. Although the story mostly concentrates on Sayuri and we get to know the secrets of a geisha's life, there's a lot more that can be learnt from the story. It tells us about the life in Japan before, during and after the Second World War. The story which is set in Japan wouldn't have existed if we were to set it elsewhere. Geishas are something unique to only Japan and can't be found in any other culture around the world. It tells us about the time before the war when everything was good. Sayuri mentions the war a couple of times, in the beginning but she talks about it as if it were something that was far off and didn't concern her. Then slowly she starts realising that the war is affecting them more and more when they start using ration books. Still, the reality of the war isn't realised fully by either Sayuri or the reader until it hits you in the face when suddenly the heads of different Okiyas are selling fancy kimonos and jewels at the black market for their survival. The book mentions real-life incidents such as the bombing of Tokyo and other big cities. It tells us about the problems that the people of Japan were faced with and how even graceful geishas are forced to become normal seamstresses, making parachutes for the war. The theme of the book in my opinion is first of all, the life of a geisha since it tells us about how geishas lived and what they had to go through. Arthur Golden takes us into an unknown world and reveals the secrets of what seems to us a glamorous life. The book shows that the life of a geisha is far from glamorous. Both in sense of the social problems they have to face such as jealousy from other geisha and the struggle to make a good reputation for themselves in order to survive and also personal problems such as those older geishas, whose skin has rotted and become yellow because of the paints they used, had to face. Another theme of the book may also be; destiny. Sayuri's destiny was to become a geisha no matter what came in her way, no matter how impossible it seemed at times, she finally succeeded in becoming a geisha and not just that, she even became a very successful and famous geisha of her time. When the book starts and we see the village of Yoroido through the eyes of a young innocent girl, you wonder ‘what does this little girl living in a small fishing village have to do with a graceful and glamorous geisha? It's almost as you wonder whether the title of the book is wrong. As the story develops, we see how Sayuri ends up in the cultural city of Gion, but then suddenly when the story turns again and Sayuri is made a servant at the Okiya you start wondering if the story will instead start focusing on Hatsumomo. The book is very slow and boring in the beginning, several times I thought of just putting it down but just then the story takes a new turn. It really tells about a life I knew nothing about before and got really interesting the further I got into the book. The author has tied in historical events into an interesting story reflecting not only the lives of geishas but also the lives of ordinary people of that time. I found the book very interesting and different but a bit slow. Since it is semi-reality based I would recommend it to people both my age but also older people. The story catches your interest whether you are young or old. I would give the book 3 out of 5 points.

Essay about Transformation of Japan - 1203 Words

Transformation of Japan During the time period between the 1850s and 1950s, Japan underwent massive changes politically, economically, and socially. Acknowledging the failure of isolation, Japan imitated the West in an attempt to modernize, however, still retaining its own identity. A reorganized and more centralized government allowed Japan to industrialize in half the time it took the nations of Western Europe. Industrialization provided Japan with the tools needed to transform itself from a half civilized and â€Å"backwards† society during isolation, to a dominating superpower during WWII. In 1853 during the Tokugawa shogunate, Matthew Perry, an American commodore, arrived with an army at Edo Bay to coerce the Japanese†¦show more content†¦Japan entered the race for colonies. Japan became imperialist after 1890 due to the need to pay the new army, search for raw materials and new resources, and avoid Western intrusion of Japan’s possessions. Japan quickly defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 gaining territory in northern China. In 1902, Japan allied itself with Britain, demonstrating the arrival of Japan as an equal to the Western powers. In 1904, Japan won the Russo-Japanese war on account of its superior navy. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea. Economically, Korea was economically exploited. The Great depression called for radical measures, which included military aggression. Japanese military played a major role in setting diplomatic policy. The military was separate from the bureaucracy and adhered to the emperor. The military saw Japan’s liberalism as a threat to traditional Japanese values and customs and the military’s position in the government. In 1931, the military captured Manchuria without government approval. In 1932, several military officials assassinated the prime minister. As a result, a mildly military government was created as militaristic prime ministers presided. The militaristic prime ministers called for expansion in Asia to create an empire. The demand for wider conquests by the military drove Japan to enter WWII. After WWII, Japan was devastated by war, but the aid of the U.S. allowed them to recover quickly. TheShow MoreRelated Book Review: Japan in Transformation Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pages Jeffrey Kingston. Japan in Transformation, 1952 – 2000. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. 230 pp. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Over the past fifty years Japan has seen significant changes in all aspects of its society and the way it interacts with the outside world. For example, despite suffering a defeat in World War II, Japan soon became one of Asia’s greatest economic powers. In Japan in Transformation, 1952 - 2000, Jeffrey Kingston focuses on various aspects of change in JapaneseRead MoreEast Asia Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesEast Asia During the years between 1000 and 1400 the East Asian region saw extensive change and development concerning the nature of the elites that ruled respective countries. In China there was the growth of the examination culture, Japan experienced the emergence of the Samurai, Korea saw the growth of the Yangban, and Vietnam became content with a tribute system to China. Each of the respective countries grew and developed independently and for the most part were able to distance themselvesRead MoreWhy The Allies Were Victorious At The End Of World War II1377 Words   |  6 Pagesand ultimate failure of the Axis Powers was caused by significant events that had a great impact on the war. The Allies were victorious in 1945 due to the sheer military power of the United States, the infamous Soviet Transformation and the ‘Battle of Moscow’, the crushing fall of Japan and the vast resource differences between the Axis Powers and the Allies. These major events that took place duri ng World War 2 helped shape the victorious outcome for the Allies, by not only weakening the German’s militaryRead MoreJap A Economic Power1184 Words   |  5 PagesJapan, to this day, is a major economic power that has major influence on the rest of the world. It is a nuclear state, and has a GDP of almost 5 trillion USD. Japan wasn’t just like this and has gone through a tremendous period of growth after World War II in 1945. Since then, its economy has grown through its technological and manufacturing side. When the company was defeated in 1945, it was in an economic ruin. Everything that came before was in shambles, but little did the country know thereRead MoreModernization of Japan Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesJapan underwent rapid modernization due to the impacts of the West. Significant influences of the West caused Intensive and extensive transformation of japans feudal system to a modern industrialized nation. The arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry, Commander – in – Chief of US forces in 1853 was a major contribution to the Modernization of Japan. Perry had been sent to force the Japanese inhabitants to concede the following: Protection for American soldiers, opening of one or two ports for repairsRead MoreEssay about Gold Arches East1257 Words   |  6 Pages Three places that he mentioned in his writing were Beijing, Seoul and Japan. They all share similarities in the way the culture was impacted positively and negatively, in society and politically. They have their differences in the way things were dealt with and how the public viewed the American company coming to their countries. In this paper, I will be talking about how McDonalds is involved in the cultural transformation of different cultures, as well as, if they created the trends mentionedRead MoreJapan and Globalization963 Words   |  4 PagesJapan, home of some of the largest multinational technology corporati ons in the world, has been influenced in myriad ways through globalization. The effects of globalization on Japan provide valuable insights into the transformation of Japanese society. Global processes have increased wages and homelessness, strengthened environmental management programs, shifted governance towards regionalism, and threatened linguistic diversity in Japan. Numerous studies on Japan’s economy provide both the positiveRead More1. Introduction Japan has very significant characteristics in terms of their economic power1700 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Japan has very significant characteristics in terms of their economic power either in the Asia- Pacific region or around the world. After World War II the Japanese economy was deeply affected by shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation means that Japanese economy was bankrupt position. Therefore, Japan passed under the control of US in the post- Second World War period. From this point, economic transformation or recovery or development has started in Japan with the impactsRead MoreChina, South Korea And Japan864 Words   |  4 PagesChina, South Korea and Japan are three countries which represent successful policies in reversing their economy from central to advanced in a short period of time. These countries are smaller pieces of a puzzle and they compete with the rest of Asia by forming a strong picture. After participating in wars like WWII and the Korean War, China, South Korea, and Japan make a very powerful triangular force that stands for change and the development of a new policy in economy, society and governments.Read MoreA Review of Toshie: A Story of Village Life in Twentieth-Century Japan828 Words   |  4 PagesIn Toshie: A Story of Village Life in Twentieth-Century Japan, published in 2004, author Simon Partner offers an insight on the transformation that underwent Japan through the mid-twentieth century through the life of Sakaue Toshie, a woman born and raised on a farm in the Kosugi hamlet of Yokogoshi, Niigata—a rural region almost 250km from the capital of Japan. Toshie was born in 1925—a year before the 64-year reign of Showa Era by Emperor Hirohito. This was a time when â€Å"two out of every ten babies

Air Pollution Is A Serious Problem - 1571 Words

Air pollution is a very serious problem throughout the world. Exposure to air pollution is easy and it can affect your health. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth’s atmosphere, causing diseases, death to humans, and damage to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, or the natural or built environment (Air Pollution, 2016, June 27). This definition proves that exposure to air pollution can harm the main things that we need to survive on earth. Depending on the environment an individual live in the quality of air can be good or bad. People living in the urban area have a higher chance of being exposed to air pollution than those living in the rural. I think if air pollution keep effecting the things we need on earth than we would no longer have any resources. In order to keep the resources we need we should decrease the exposure of air pollution in our environments and make the quality of i t better. Use of hybrid cars might improve the quality of the air. For this reason, tax credits ought to be given to drivers of hybrid vehicles. Air pollution from motor vehicles is also a serious matter on our resources because of the exhaust fumes. Due to this issue, when individuals are exposed to gas that come from their cars, it can affect their health. In order to reduce these negative effects individuals should keep their cars clean. Being exposed to particulate matter also can cause asthmaShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution Is A Serious Problem1507 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is a serious problem in our society that damages many things such as crops, trees, plants, and natural resources. Air pollution can be indoor or outdoors, when people smoke or vehicles exhaust pollutes the air. It is an additional harmful substance that damages environment, human health, and quality of life. The state of Minnesota has taken this into consideration and decided to protect its residence and visitor’s well-being and health. As stated in the Minnesota Department of HealthRead MorePollution Is A Serious Problem?1320 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2016 pollution in china In the paper, I argue that what types of pollution in china by introducing the situation and problems in china. Following the development of economic and scientific, China is playing a very important role in the international arena. Increasing the number of people become rich. they can buy the new car, big house, and expensive clothes. In many people s opinions that China is becoming strong and rich. But they do not know China is also facing a serious problem, it is pollutionRead MoreEnviromental Pollution785 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental pollution  is a term that refers to all  the ways  by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water  with chemicals  and other substances, and damage  the soil  with too many fertilizers and pesticides:  People also  pollute their surroundings in various other ways. For example, they ruin  natural beauty  by scattering junk and litter on the land and in the water. The y operate machines  and motor  vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noiseRead MoreAir Pollution As A Growing Problem1530 Words   |  7 PagesSince last century, air pollution has become one of the most popular topics related to people’s healthy life. After the Second World War, the consumption of fossil energy increase sharply due to the rapid development of industry and transportation, however, there almost no relevant environmental regulations to control the negative effects caused by industrial emissions. Therefore, air pollution became a growing problem. This paper will compare the conditions of air pollution between Los Angeles andRead MoreTo humans, having a healthy immune system is essential. Our immune system is important because it900 Words   |  4 Pagesimmune system is important because it helps the body fight any foreign bacteria, viruses, and diseases by attacking it, which is why we must take care of it as much as possible by strengthening it. But this so called defense system can also cause problems such as attacking donated organs or blood from another individual, unless the organs or blood are carefully matched. It may also overreact to harmless invaders such as pollen grains, which can cause hayfever, and even in certain cases, the immuneRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Hong Kong1361 Words   |  6 PagesAir pollution is a phenomenon that there are harmful materials in the earth’s atmosphere. Worldwide attention has been focused on air pollution in rapidly urbanizing cities since the Kyoto Protocol of year in 1997. Hong Kong air pollution is one of the most serious over the world. Air pollution will bring a lot of influence such as health and economic problem. There are more than 7 million population in Hong Kong and this increase the requirement from different area such as transportation which willRead MoreInadequate Sanitary Facilities At Dhaka Water And Sewerage Authority ( Dwasa ) Essay1596 Words   |   7 Pagespose a serious environmental threat in Bangladesh. Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) can serve only for 15 to 20% of city population. In absence of the sanitation and infrastructural services, 40% having septic tank and soak pit, 15% using pit latrines and 30% using open latrines. The sewage is mostly released into low-lying areas and river water in untreated manner causing great environmental hazards. 4. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water Arsenic in ground water poses a serious environmentalRead MoreImportance Of Water Pollution Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesTwo-Thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. As the Earth’s population continually increases, we are putting too much stress on our water sources. The environmental campaign organization WWF states,  Pollution from toxic chemicals threatens life on this planet. Every ocean and every continent, from the tropics to the once-pristine polar regions, is contaminated. In Indonesia, the Citarum River is the most polluted river in the world. 5 million people live in the river’s basin and manyRead MoreOverview of Air Pollution1861 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Air pollution remains one of the most urgent and serious problems facing the world today. Research studies conducted in the past have clearly indicated that in addition to harming the environment, the effects of air pollution on human health are particularly adverse. In this text, I discuss air pollution, its causes, and effects. Further, I propose solutions that could be embraced to rein in the problem of air pollution. Air Pollution: An Overview Air pollution in the words of MillerRead MoreAir Pollution Of Beijing And China1315 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: In the past few years, the air pollution in Beijing becomes more and more serious. Frequent smog weather cause social disordered and serious harm to the health of residents. The number of respiratory diseases increased. Citizens live in a bad living condition. Because of the smog, we have to stop all outdoor works and activities. It also caused great economic losses. So we must do some thing to control the air pollution. Keywords: air pollution, control measures, Beijing Introduction:

Introduction to Economic System - 3031 Words

What is system? System (from Latin systema, in turn from Greek systÄ“ma) is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. A group of interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a task. Economic System An economic system is a system that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between the entities in a particular society. The economic system is composed of people and institutions, including their relationships to productive resources, such as through the convention of property. In a given economy, it is the systemic means by which problems of economics are addressed, such as the economic problem of scarcity through allocation of finite†¦show more content†¦A central directorate controls the production of goods and services. The directorate decides the nature, quantity, and mood of production of goods. This distribution of goods is also directed by the central body. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and the creation of an egalitarian society. Modern socialism originated in the late nineteenth-century working class political movement. Karl Marx posited that socialism would be achieved via class struggle and a proletarian revolution which represents the transitional stage between capitalism and communism. Socialists mainly share the belief that capitalism unfairly concentrates power and wealth among a small segment of society that controls capital and creates an unequal society. All socialists advocate the creation of an egalitarian society, in which wealth and power are distributed more evenly, although there is considerable disagreement among socialists over how, and to what extent this could be achieved Some features of socialism are written below 1. Socialism is not a discrete philosophy of fixed doctrine and program 2. Its branches advocate a degree of social interventionism and economic rationalization, sometimes opposing each other. 3. Another dividingShow MoreRelatedIntroduction A system is a network of parts which interlock to form an overall pattern. An economic1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A system is a network of parts which interlock to form an overall pattern. An economic system is a pattern of organisation which is aimed at solving the three central questions discussed in the previous sections. Economic systems do not always work well, but they are often so vast and complicated that it is quiet marvellous that they work at all. Mohr Fourie.(2008. P42). Scarcity is the fundamental challenge confronting all individuals and nations. We cannot always get what we wantRead MorePersonal Finance959 Words   |  4 Pagessolutionsmanualtb.com click it ,it has the list Introduction to governmental and not-for-profit accounting, 7/e martin ives terry k. Patton solutions manual and test bank Introduction to information systems 2e canadian ed rainer cegielski splettstoesser hogeterp sanchez rodriguez instructor manual Introduction to logic, 14e irving m. Copi solutions manual and test bank Introduction to managerial accounting 6e brewer garrison solutions manual and test bank introduction to organic and biochemistry, 8th editionRead MoreArticle: Euro Effects1717 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Euro Effects Introduction European Monetary System (EMU) is the arrangement by following which most EU (European Union) nations have connected their currencies to put a stop to great changeability and vacillations relative to one another. It was in 1979 that this system was organized in order to soothe and stabilize the foreign exchange and respond to price increases among member nations. However, sporadic changes not only elevated the values of strong currencies but at the same time, loweredRead MoreModernization of Japan: The Meiji Restoration Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesThe Meiji Restoration played a significant role in the modernisation of Japan. The Meiji period was a time of political and social revolution. It brought momentous social, political and economic changes to Japan, and these changes became the foundation of the Japan we know today. Prior to the 1868 Restoration, Japan was a militarily weak country with a feudal agricultural society, and was controlled by feudal lords. When the Meiji peri od ended with the Emperors death in 1912, Japan was a well-developedRead MoreDefinition Of A Social Institution1281 Words   |  6 Pagesidentified the social institution in the article as ‘economic’. Economic Institution There are five common types of social institutions: economic, governmental, family, educational, religious. They are the principal structures in all societies and relate to general factors of social life and life overall. The chosen article relates to salary matter of males and females that is a part of the economic institution. General information In the textbook ‘Introduction to sociology’ stated that in sociology, economyRead MoreObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. Microeconomics takes a close-up view of the economy by concentrating on the choices made by individual participants in the economy such as consumers, workers, business managers and investors. Microeconomics stresses on the role of prices in business and personal decisionsRead MoreThe Invention Of An Invention1685 Words   |  7 Pagesa new product or process and its commercial and social exploitation. Thus, to turn an invention into an innovation, a firm, requires combining numerous types of knowledge, skills, capabilities, market knowledge, a properly functioning distribution system and sufficient finances. In a firm the sources of innovation can be both internal and external. The former includes research and development, design, tooling up and marketing while the later are capital goods and equipment, consultancy, licences andRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution1180 Words   |  5 Pageschanged from home businesses to machine-aided production in factories. This was after the factory system evolved from the cottage industry just at the beginning of Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. The cottage industry was driven by workers who woul d buy raw materials from merchants and then take it home so that they could produce specific commodities. It was a slow and tedious system because the items were made by hand. Additionally, the workers’ productivity was also low. SubsequentlyRead MoreAn Optimistic Vantage Point On Human Existence And Natural Behavior897 Words   |  4 Pages From an optimistic vantage point on human existence and natural behavior, a Democratic Confederate Socialist government system spanning across the world, canvassing all separate countries that exist today, would be ideal. Being Democratic, it would serve to promote the ideas and serve the needs of the people for which it is created--fulfilling the social contract theory of John Locke. Being a Confederacy, instead of following a Unitary or Federal structure, it would serve even more to that end,Read MoreCOMMERCIAL BANKS AND NEW CAPITAL REGULATION Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages COMMERCIAL BANKS AND NEW CAPITAL REGULATION MAF 202 - GROUP ASSIGNMENT Prepared By Group 26: Simardeep Sran - 211689444 Due: September 12, 2013 School of Accounting, Economics and Finance Deakin University, Burwood Campus August 30, 2013 Dear John Ovens, Letter of Transmittal We wish to present to you a research report regarding commercial banks and new capital regulation prepared through collective collaboration

Organizational Factors of Stress-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Define Stress. Briefly describe the Symptoms of Stress and Explain the role of the HR department in helping Employees cope with Stress. Answer: Definition of Stress: The report is based on the Google Company. Stress is considered as an emotional disturbance that is created out of demanding or adverse circumstances(Nieuwenhuijsen Bruinvels, 2010). Generally, it can happen to a person at school, college or workplace when the demands become more than the persons capability, or so equal that the person need to stretch himself or herself to the optimum level. Stress can be defined as a dynamic condition within which a person confronts an opportunity, demand or constraint in relation to the desires of the particular individual, and the outcome of the same is important and uncertain. The stress can be either physical, mental or emotional. Generally, the physical stress is something that an individual feels when the worker is made to work beyond the working hours, and the same person feels the fatigue but still needs to work. The physical capacity of the person might give way to feeling sleepy, fatigued, and the same individual might not be able to work for a long time(De Cenzo, et al., 2013). This physical fatigue of the worker can create a huge problem for the entire company. The mental stress might occur when the given work is too difficult or complex to understand. Such a complex piece of work might even become stressful when it is not explained properly by the management, and there is nobody to seek help(Berman Bowman, 2012). The emotional stress might occur due to quarrels at home or at the workplace, which the management is completely unaware of. The mental stress is higher in the company than the physical stress. Most of the people at the company are generally concerned about the mental stress created by the company for enhancing the creativity at workplace. The employees are also given extra leaves for doing something creative, which increases more pressure on the brains to do something creative. The employees are rather forced to bring out something creative, and targets on increasing their creative potential is given, which is a big stress factor even for the expert employees at the company. All the persons are not equally creative, and so, this particular stress factor is often observed in many companies where the project depends on the creativity of a particular employee. The employee gets no help or previous material to perform the project, however, the pressure from the management remains to make it something creative. This creates a stress factor within many companies, and this company is one of them. Report Summary: The report covers the negative effects of stress mainly concerned with workplace, which is detrimental both to the individual as well as the company. It can make the company lose a valuable employee either due to resignation or illness(Ji Kim, 2011). The report also covers the HRM techniques that are utilized to give work-life balance to all the employees at the company Causes of Stress: There are two common causes of stress in the workplace, namely, organizational and personal. The organizational stress consists of extra pressure of work given by the management whereas the personal stress is mainly caused due to pressure of certain work at household, which might increase the stress because an individual need to complete both the household chores as well as the professional work(Cooper Marshall, 2013). Organizational Factors of Stress: Task Demands: The task demands that causes stress are mainly related to the job design, the working condition, the physical layout and the work quotas. The job design means the type of work an individual has to do, the condition of work mainly stresses on the ambience, the physical layout of a job indicates the amount of physical labor one has to put in(Carter Danford, 2013). The foreign nationals are themselves under some stress as they have to perform in unknown circumstances. There they find that some other expatriate employees have lower levels of job demands. This is again a cause of stress. The job design of various companies are of different kinds. Some kind of work are completely intellectual, where the individual needs to do an audit, or write a management report in the office. Some work consists of physical labor like the cleaning of the office(Fjorback Arendt, 2011). However, nowadays, multitasking is something that is mainly stressed on due to the maximum number of work becoming automated. This is actually making the work more stressful for the employees at the company. The working condition and the physical layout mainly talks about the office ambience. Sometimes, the office ambience is too bad, and the overall workplace does not look like an office. The facilities of toilets, the air-conditioners and the refreshments in the office are not satisfactory. Mostly, the employees at the company here adapts to two things, one, the bad atmosphere, and secondly, the work pressure. This kind of atmosphere is bound to increase the stress(Glasser Meagher, 2014). The foreign nationals are quite different than the locals because they are under the work quota. They have certain restrictions in the amount of money they can send to their own country. These nationals also get the work visa for only a limited amount of time. (Boss Bryant, 2016). So, they want to earn the maximum amount of money possible within a very short period of time. Owing to this, they work overtime and that also goes on to increase the stress factor. Role Demands: Overload, conflicts and ambiguity are the main causes of stress related to role demands. Often too much work is put on an individual due to the team target and the companys profit without concern for the person. Ambiguity signifies when an individual does not find much help to do a particular work even if one doesnt understand it(Gold Smith, 2010). The process of getting help is very vague, and everything is expected to be understood. The conflicts are generally with the management where the individual demands are not properly met. Work overload is mainly signified by the increase of work pressure over time only by concentrating on the business profits without any concern for the worker. This is also harmful for the company because it decreases the retention rate, and makes the company lose valuable employees. (Selye, 2013). Moreover, the increase of stress can decrease the quality of service by the worker. This is a fact which has been sometimes noted amidst the working at the company. Conflicts within the company signifies either the conflicts with the management or the conflicts among the fellow employees at the company. The conflicts at workplace increases the stress and decreases work productivity because it increases the passive aggression(Henderson Harvey, 2011). Ambiguity at workplace is the worst because it makes everything in the company quite vague. The employees at company dont understand their responsibility, their type of work, and the overall business of the subject company. It increases apprehensions, which increases the stress. Interpersonal Demands: The social support at a workplace comes when most of the people involved with a particular work are supportive(Back Seidler, 2012). However, when racial slurs and insulting another person at office is very commonplace, it can even increase the stress. Organizational Structure: Every company department has a structure or a hierarchy for the promotion, the management, and how everything is coordinated in the office(Wolever Bobinet, 2012). If the coordination falters, or when it becomes too vague, then it increases the stress in the minds of a worker. The organizational structure of the company is very hierarchal where the employees at the company need to follow the orders coming from the higher ranks, and the type of leadership is quite authoritarian at the top level(Marmot Allen, 2012). However, the leadership is also participative, and the company tries to reduce stress by giving a number of leaves to the employees at the company. The organizational structure of the company is given below:- (Berman Bowman, 2012) Organizational Leadership: The authoritarian leadership increases the stress in minds of workers at the company because the employees at the company always remain fearful of the boss(Grahn Stigsdotter, 2010). This philosophy might always make an employee become apprehensive about losing the job, and thus, it creates more stress on the work. Personal Factors of Stress: Family Issues: Some of the workers at the company might have certain disputes in the family, which results in an increased amount of stress in the workplace(Back Seidler, 2012). The conflicts of a family often create a thinking barrier in the mentality of a person at work. So, many companies advise people to wear an imaginary professional cap at workplace. Economic Problems: Some people have economic issues like pending loans, house rent, etc., which they dont openly discuss at workplace either with the colleagues or the management(Carter Danford, 2013). Such issues coupled with an increased pressure of work often creates a stress at workplace, which increases because the individual cannot communicate it with the management. Inherent Personality Characteristics: There are two types of personalities that are often found among the employees at the company, namely, the Type A and the Type B personalities. Often, the management ignores it but should not. The Type A personalities are very competitive, aggressive, and want to get promoted. These people also want incentives(Cooper Marshall, 2013). However, the Type B personality always want more freedom to work, and are not too competitive. Too much work on the Type B and too little work on the Type A personality can increase stress at workplace. Symptoms of Stress: The physiological stress symptoms are an increase in blood pressure, headache, as well as an increase in the pulse rate(Back Seidler, 2012). These symptoms are very difficult to find out, and often goes unnoticed. The physiological stress factors also include some observable symptoms by the management like not willing to take part in conversations, restless behavior, and a visible fear during the conversation with the management are certain symptoms that can make the management understand the person is under extreme stress. The psychological symptoms are an increased boredom towards the work day by day, increase of anxiety and tension, as well as an attitude to procrastinate, which is detrimental to the company (Gold Smith, 2010). The psychological symptoms are an extrovert in the company office suddenly getting introvert, and stopping to talk to others. When asked, the individual always replies being busy. Such manners are highly probable indicators of stress. The behavioral symptoms related to stress includes the sleep disorders, increase of smoking and substance abuse, and these things also affect the quality of work in an adverse manner(Cooper Marshall, 2013). The company does not allow smoking within the corporate workplace, and the employees need to go out of the premises for a smoke. However, if an employee is observed quite often in the smoke breaks, then it can be assumed that some kind of stress is going on inside that person. Unemployment and fear of losing a job was a big stress at workplace during the 90s, however, the employees were not much pressurized to learn the computer oriented skills. In the 21st century, the fear of losing jobs, and its related stress is a lot less mainly owing to the increase of jobs. However, it is also to be noted that the increasing pressure of overtime, and work demands increase greater amount of stress. Reducing Stress: Explain the role of the HR department in helping employees at the company cope with stress: HR department should help the people come out of stress factors by establishing a good communication with them(Grahn Stigsdotter, 2010). The worst HR scenario is when the employees at the company are afraid to communicate. The decreased communication also helps in the increased loss of a business. Discuss the techniques HR can implement such as: The HR department helps the individuals to get the required job according to their qualification, as well as the likes and dislikes of a person. It is always in the minds of the HR team that a person who doesnt like ones job would never make oneself happy or the company happy. HRM Approaches: Matching Individuals to Their Jobs: Every individual gets their job according to their qualifications, experience, and likings. The HRM division should allow the employees at the company to join a particular kind of work only when the same employee is deemed fit in that particular job as well as has some likings for the job(Back Seidler, 2012). It is quite difficult for an employee to survive in a particular field if the same employee has no liking for that kind of job. Clarifying Expectations: The HRM department helps the employees at the company understand the exact kind of facilities, salary, and perks they are likely to get. The HR department also tries to understand the body language of the employees at the company when the facilities, perks and other factors are informed(De Cenzo, et al., 2013). Moreover, the HR team always tries to start with the loopholes of a particular job so that the employees at the company become ready for them during the beginning. Redesigning Jobs: The same kind of work is not often given to the same employees at the company, and the types of jobs are often redesigned to make an employee taste the variety. There might be three types of jobs in the operations, namely, keeping the records, meeting the clients and checking whether all the registration forms are filled up properly or not. In such circumstances, where the job nature is a bit monotonous, the management generally incorporates job rotation so that there is no boredom among the employees (Fjorback Arendt, 2011). Offering Employee Involvement and Participation: The proper communication is established by involving the employees at the company in sports, meetings, and grading their managers according to their performance. When the decision of the employees at the company are taken into account, and their valuable opinions are also asked for the improvement of business, it is quite natural that their enthusiasm about the work would consequently increase(Glasser Meagher, 2014). This reduces stresses in the workplace a lot when they understand the meaning of a democratic and participative leadership. Wellness Programs: The wellness programs consists of exercises, yoga, meditation and other such parameters that can be used as an alternative stress buster at work. There are many companies that have made an exercise program compulsory for all the employees at the company (Grahn Stigsdotter, 2010). Such programs often relieves the mental stress at work, and also helps in concentrating on the work in a more positive manner. Conclusion: The overall project deals with the way the stress of an employee is managed at the workplace because it adversely affects the business as well as the overall performance of the company (Nieuwenhuijsen Bruinvels, 2010). So, there are several techniques used by the HRM for the same purpose, which is given in the workplace. The techniques are actually used for understanding the problems related to the factors of increasing of stress. The increase of stress affects a company employee in a different manner. It decreases the productivity of a workplace, which is why; the HRM department has taken the initiative for adjusting with this factor. The stress factor increases related to many factors like emotional conflicts, mental turmoil, workplace ambiguity and the physical stress that is dependent on the overload. The HRM division makes several techniques for understanding the main cause of stress in the workplace, and adjusts with the same in a proper way(Nieuwenhuijsen Bruinvels, 2010). The HRM uses manifold techniques for reducing the stress factors at workplace like mentioning the facilities and the drawbacks related to a particular type of work, and it would also help in understanding the willingness of an employee in a particular type of work, and help the employee to get a job based on his qualification and his likings. References Back, E. Seidler, A., 2012. The role of psychosocial stress at work for the development of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 85(1), pp. 67-79. Berman, E. Bowman, J., 2012. Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. 3 ed. London: Sage. Boss, P. Bryant, C., 2016. Family stress management: A contextual approach. 6 ed. London: Sage Publications. Carter, B. Danford, A., 2013. Stressed out of my box: employee experience of lean working and occupational ill-health in clerical work in the UK public sector. Work, employment and society, 27(5), pp. 747-767. Cooper, C. Marshall, J., 2013. Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. From Stress to Wellbeing , 1(1), pp. 3-23. De Cenzo, D., Robbins, S. Verhurst, S., 2013. Human Resources Managment. 11 ed. New Zealand: John Wiley and Sons. Fjorback, L. Arendt, M., 2011. Mindfulness?Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness?Based Cognitive Therapya systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 12(4), pp. 102-119. Glasser, M. Meagher, J., 2014. Choice theory. 5 ed. London: Harper Collins Publishers. Gold, E. Smith, A., 2010. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for primary school teachers. Journal of child and family studies, 19(2), pp. 184-189. Grahn, P. Stigsdotter, U., 2010. The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration. Landscape and urban planning, 94(3), pp. 264-275. Henderson, M. Harvey, S., 2011. Work and common psychiatric disorders. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 10(4), pp. 198-207. Ji, K. Kim, J., 2011. Effect of high-pressure oxygen annealing on negative bias illumination stress-induced instability of InGaZnO thin film transistors. Applied Physics Letters, 98(7), pp. 103-509. Marmot, M. Allen, J., 2012. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. The Lancet, 98(9), pp. 1011-1029. Nieuwenhuijsen, K. Bruinvels, D., 2010. Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review. Occupational medicine, 60(4), pp. 277-286. Selye, H., 2013. Stress in health and disease. 7 ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Wolever, R. Bobinet, K., 2012. Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of occupational health psychology, 17(2), p. 246.